【名词性从句定语从句专项训练】在英语语法中,名词性从句和定语从句是两个非常重要的语法结构,它们不仅在写作中频繁出现,在阅读理解、完形填空以及语法填空中也常常成为考查的重点。掌握这两类从句的用法,有助于提升语言表达的准确性和复杂度。
一、名词性从句
名词性从句是指在句子中起名词作用的从句,可以充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。常见的引导词包括:that、whether、if、what、who、whom、whose、when、where、why、how 等。
1. 主语从句
主语从句通常由 that 引导,也可以由疑问词引导。
例句:
- That he passed the exam surprised everyone.(他通过了考试让大家都很惊讶。)
- Whether we will go depends on the weather.(我们是否去取决于天气。)
2. 宾语从句
宾语从句常出现在动词、介词或某些形容词之后。
例句:
- I believe that he is telling the truth.(我相信他在说真话。)
- She asked where the bus stop was.(她问公交车站在哪里。)
3. 表语从句
表语从句位于系动词之后,说明主语的内容。
例句:
- The question is whether we can finish the work on time.(问题是我们能否按时完成工作。)
- This is what I need.(这就是我需要的。)
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句对前面的名词进行解释说明,通常由 that 引导。
例句:
- The fact that he lied made us angry.(他说谎的事实让我们很生气。)
- The rumor that she was leaving caused a lot of confusion.(她要离开的谣言引起了很大的混乱。)
二、定语从句
定语从句是用来修饰先行词的从句,通常由关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(when, where, why)引导。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在从句中担任一定的成分,如主语、宾语等。
例句:
- The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。)
- The man who is talking to Mary is my teacher.(正在和玛丽说话的那个男人是我的老师。)
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在从句中作状语,表示时间、地点或原因。
例句:
- This is the house where I was born.(这是我出生的房子。)
- The day when we met was unforgettable.(我们相遇的那天令人难忘。)
- The reason why he left is still unknown.(他离开的原因仍然不清楚。)
3. 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充说明,通常由逗号隔开,不能用 that 引导。
例句:
- My brother, who lives in Shanghai, is coming to visit me.(我住在上海的哥哥要来看我。)
- The car, which I bought last year, is now broken.(我去年买的那辆车现在坏了。)
三、常见错误与注意事项
1. 混淆关系代词和关系副词:
- 错误:The city which I was born is beautiful.
- 正确:The city where I was born is beautiful.
(“where” 表示地点,而 “which” 不适合表示地点)
2. 遗漏引导词:
- 错误:I don’t know he is.
- 正确:I don’t know who he is.
(宾语从句中必须使用引导词)
3. 误用 that 和 which:
- 在限制性定语从句中,可以用 that 或 which;但在非限制性定语从句中只能用 which。
- 错误:The book, that I read, is interesting.
- 正确:The book, which I read, is interesting.
四、练习题(附答案)
1. I don’t know ______ he will come tomorrow.
A. ifB. whetherC. whatD. that
2. The problem ______ we should take action immediately is serious.
A. whichB. thatC. whenD. why
3. She is the girl ______ won the first prize.
A. whoB. whomC. whichD. whose
4. The reason ______ he didn’t come was that he was ill.
A. whyB. thatC. becauseD. for
5. I remember ______ I left my keys at home.
A. thatB. whatC. whetherD. how
答案:
1. B2. B3. A4. A5. A
通过不断练习和理解,名词性从句与定语从句的学习将变得更加轻松。希望同学们在日常学习中多加积累,灵活运用这些语法结构,提高英语综合能力。